Understanding Oral Dewormers for Puppies


Intro
Puppies, like all young animals, are susceptible to various health issues. Among these, parasitic infections caused by worms can pose significant risks. The presence of these worms can seriously inhibit growth, cause malnutrition, and even lead to severe diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of oral dewormers is crucial for the health and well-being of puppies.
It is essential to have a clear grasp of the terms and concepts surrounding deworming. This knowledge aids in recognizing the symptoms of worm infections, the most effective methods of prevention, and the available treatments. This article will delve into the different aspects of oral dewormers, focusing on their importance in maintaining puppy health, the side effects, the correct dosages, and best practices in administering these medications.
Keeping in mind the significance of parasite control, this guide aims to equip you with the necessary information to make informed decisions regarding your puppy's health.
Key Concepts and Terminology
Definition of Terms
Understanding the terminology is the first step towards effective parasite management. Here are some basic terms related to oral dewormers:
- Dewormers: Medications designed to eliminate worms from a host’s body.
- Parasite: An organism that lives on or in a host, benefiting at the host's expense. In puppies, common parasites include roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.
- Dosage: The amount of medication given. It is crucial to observe proper dosage guidelines to ensure safety and efficacy.
- Side Effects: Undesired reactions that may occur after administering medication. Understanding potential side effects helps in monitoring the puppy's health after treatment.
Importance in Health
Administering oral dewormers is critical for several reasons:
- Worm Prevalence: Puppies often encounter worms even before they are weaned. The presence of these parasites can lead to serious health issues.
- Preventative Care: Regular deworming contributes to ongoing health management, particularly in young dogs. It can prevent future infestations.
- General Well-being: A dewormed puppy is not only physically healthier but also more likely to demonstrate optimal growth and vitality.
"Regular deworming is a cornerstone of responsible puppy care, ensuring they grow healthy and strong."
Current Trends and Innovations
Technological Advancements
The veterinary community is continuously exploring new technologies for diagnosing and treating parasitic infections. Recent innovations include:
- New Formulations: Advancements in the formulation of oral dewormers that enhance their absorption and efficacy.
- Rapid Testing: Development of quick in-office tests for detecting worm infections, which can enable timely treatment.
Sustainable Practices
As the understanding of pet health evolves, practices around deworming also adapt:
- Natural Dewormers: The rise in interest for natural alternatives is notable. Ingredients like pumpkin seeds and diatomaceous earth are being explored as adjunct or alternative treatments.
- Integrated Pest Management: This holistic approach incorporates a variety of preventive measures to manage the risk of worm infections effectively.
Best Practices and Techniques
Step-by-Step Guides
When it comes to administering oral dewormers to puppies, following best practices ensures both safety and effectiveness:
- Consult a Veterinarian: Always seek professional advice before any medical treatment. A vet can identify the type of worm and offer the correct dewormer.
- Follow Dosage Instructions: Pay close attention to the label instructions and follow them precisely. Ensure you understand the weight-related dosing requirements.
- Monitor for Side Effects: After administration, observe your puppy for any adverse reactions or side effects. Report any concerns to your veterinarian.
Tools and Resources
To aid in effective deworming, consider these resources:
- Veterinary Clinics: Local veterinary practices are a primary resource for guidance and prescription.
- Online Forums: Websites like reddit.com and facebook.com offer communities where pet owners share experiences and advice on dewormers.
- Educational Articles: Resources such as encyclopedias and reputable veterinary websites can provide more in-depth understanding.
Understanding dewormers for puppies plays a vital role in ensuring their health and longevity. Regular deworming not only fosters better growth but also helps maintain the happiness and vitality of your puppy. Through education and the right practices, pet owners can effectively combat the risks these parasites pose.
Prologue to Deworming
Deworming is a critical aspect of maintaining a puppy's health. Recognizing when and how to deworm young dogs can greatly enhance their quality of life. Untreated parasites can lead to significant health issues. This section provides a foundation by explaining what deworming is and highlighting its importance.
What is Deworming?
Deworming refers to the process of treating infections caused by parasitic worms. Puppies are at a high risk for these infections due to their developing immune systems and exposure to contaminated environments. Dewormers are medications designed to eliminate these worms from the body. They act in various ways, depending on the type of medication used and the specific worms being targeted. Common types include tablets, liquids, and chewable forms that facilitate easier administration in puppies. Understanding deworming is essential for pet owners to ensure effective treatment and prevention of future infestations.
Importance of Deworming Puppies
The importance of deworming cannot be overstated. Puppies can contract worms from their mother, contaminated food, or environments. Left untreated, these parasites can lead to several health complications.
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Worms consume nutrients, depriving the puppy of essential vitamins and minerals.
- Growth Issues: A significant infestation can hinder growth and development, leading to long-term health problems.
- Severe Illness: In severe cases, parasites can cause anemia, internal blockages, and even death.
Early and routine deworming is a proactive measure. It helps eliminate existing worms and reduces the risk of future infestations. Moreover, it supports overall wellness and enhances the puppy's immune system. Veterinary consultation is strongly advised to establish an appropriate deworming schedule and medication type suitable for the puppy's age and weight.
Effective parasite control is essential for the well-being of puppies. De-wormers play a pivotal role in preventing health issues from arising.
Common Types of Worms in Puppies
Understanding the common types of worms in puppies is crucial for pet owners. These parasites pose significant threats to the health and well-being of young dogs. Not only can worms cause immediate health concerns, but they can also lead to long-term problems if not addressed promptly.
Recognizing the different types of worms helps in selecting the appropriate dewormers. Each type of worm may require a specific treatment. Moreover, awareness of these parasites’ life cycles enables better preventive measures which is essential for maintaining a puppy's overall health.
The following sections will delve into the most common worms that affect puppies: roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and whipworms.


Roundworms
Roundworms are among the most prevalent parasites in puppies. They can easily infect young dogs, particularly those from shelters or breeding facilities. Puppies typically contract roundworms through contaminated soil or from their mother’s milk.
Once in the intestines, roundworms can grow quite large and consume nutrients essential for a puppy's growth. Symptoms may include:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Bloated abdomen
- Weight loss
Left untreated, roundworms can lead to severe malnutrition and stunted growth. Therefore, recognizing these signs early is vital to ensure proper treatment. Regular deworming is highly recommended to keep roundworms at bay.
Hookworms
Hookworms are another serious threat to puppies. These small worms attach themselves to the intestinal wall, where they feed on the host's blood. The transmission generally occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil or ingestion of larvae.
Symptoms of hookworm infestation may include:
- Anemia (hallmarked by pale gums)
- Weakness
- Diarrhea
- Poor growth
The anemia caused by hookworms can be particularly dangerous for puppies, given their vulnerable state. Timely identification and treatment are essential to prevent serious health complications. Dewormers are effective in eliminating hookworms, but ongoing prevention through hygiene is crucial.
Tapeworms
Tapeworms are often identified by the presence of tapeworm segments (proglottids) around the puppy's anus. These segments resemble grains of rice and can also be found in the puppy's feces. Puppies usually become infected by ingesting fleas or small rodents that carry tapeworm eggs.
Symptoms linked to tapeworms can include:
- Itching around the anus
- Visible segments in feces
- Weight loss despite a good appetite
Although tapeworms do not generally cause severe illness, they can create discomfort for the puppy. Proper treatment involves administering specific dewormers designed to target these worms. Preventing the presence of fleas and ensuring a clean environment are the best ways to inhibit an infestation.
Whipworms
Whipworms are less common than the previously mentioned types but can still affect puppies, especially in certain environments. These worms thrive in the intestines and can cause significant health issues.
Puppies usually acquire whipworms from ingesting contaminated soil or feces. Symptoms may include:
- Severe diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Anemia
- General lethargy
The life cycle of whipworms can complicate treatment since they can be resistant to some dewormers. Identifying whipworm infestations often requires veterinary fecal tests. Thus, regular screenings can aid in early detection and management of this parasite, averting serious health consequences.
"Recognizing the signs of worm infestations is the first step towards ensuring a puppy's health and well-being."
In summary, understanding the common types of worms in puppies assists in implementing effective deworming protocols. Each type of worm presents unique challenges, and addressing them requires vigilance and proper veterinary guidance.
Types of Oral Dewormers
Understanding the types of oral dewormers is crucial for proper parasite management in puppies. The right choice ensures effective treatment and promotes overall health. Oral dewormers generally fall into two main categories: broad-spectrum and specific target dewormers. Knowing their characteristics can help pet owners choose the most suitable option depending on the puppy's needs and the type of worms present.
Broad-Spectrum Dewormers
Broad-spectrum dewormers are designed to eliminate a wide range of intestinal parasites. They are effective against multiple types of worms, including roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. This versatility makes them a popular choice for many veterinarians. A few key benefits of broad-spectrum dewormers include:
- Comprehensive coverage: They provide coverage against various intestinal helminths, reducing the need for multiple medications.
- Convenience: Administering a single medication simplifies the treatment process for both pet owners and veterinarians.
- Preventive measure: These medications can be part of a puppy's regular health routine, helping to spot and 치료 effctively worms before serious problems arise.
Some widely used broad-spectrum dewormers include Pyrantel pamoate and Fenbendazole. Dosage may vary based on the puppy's weight, so careful attention to the instructions is essential.
Specific Target Dewormers
Specific target dewormers focus on particular types of worms. They are essential when a diagnosis confirms a specific type of parasite infestation. These medications are typically used when broad-spectrum treatments are inadequate or when a more aggressive approach is necessary.
Examples of specific target dewormers include:
- Praziquantel: Specifically targets tapeworms and is often administered after confirming an infestation.
- Ivermectin: Frequently used to treat certain types of roundworms and, in some cases, external parasites like mites.
Choosing a specific target dewormer can offer advantages such as:
- Precision treatment: More effective for treating specific infections, ensuring high rates of recovery.
- Minimized side effects: Often results in fewer adverse reactions compared to broader medications.
How to Choose the Right Dewormer
Choosing the right dewormer for your puppy is critical. This decision can greatly impact your pet's health and well-being. Not all dewormers are created equal. Different parasites require different treatment approaches. Understanding your options is essential to ensure effective elimination of unwanted worms. Here are some specific elements to consider when selecting a dewormer.
An important factor is whether to opt for a prescription or over-the-counter solution. Each has its pros and cons, which can influence your choice. More so, the age, weight, and health status of your puppy can also dictate which option is best suited. This process may seem daunting, but with proper guidance, you can make an informed decision that promotes optimal health for your puppy.
Understanding Prescription vs. Over-the-Counter
Prescription dewormers are typically more potent. They target specific types of worms. They are often necessary for severe infestations or when the puppy’s health is compromised. A veterinarian’s prescription comes with the benefit of professional guidance. This ensures the treatment is tailored to the individual needs of your puppy.
On the other hand, over-the-counter options are more accessible. Many pet owners find these solutions convenient. However, these products may vary in effectiveness. They often provide broad-spectrum coverage but might not be sufficient for all cases. It is essential to evaluate ingredients carefully before choosing an over-the-counter product.


It is also important to note that not all over-the-counter dewormers are suitable for young puppies. Some may recommend use only in dogs aged over a certain number of weeks, which is crucial for safety.
Consulting with a Veterinarian
Engaging with a veterinarian is perhaps the most vital step in this process. A vet can assess your puppy’s health and determine the specific type of worms present. They can also recommend the best course of action based on that assessment.
Regular consultations can help prevent infestations. Vets can advise you on deworming schedules. They often offer insights into symptoms to watch for, helping you act quickly if your puppy shows signs of worm infestation. This proactive measure is key in maintaining the overall health of your pet.
Additionally, vet consultations can alleviate the uncertainties around dosage and treatment frequency. This professional guidance can make a considerable difference in how effectively a dewormer works.
Seeking professional help ensures you don’t navigate the complexities of parasite control on your own. It can save time, reduce risks, and enhance your puppy's quality of life.
Dosage and Administration
Proper dosage and administration of oral dewormers is a critical aspect of ensuring the health and well-being of puppies. When dealing with parasites, even a slight mistake in dosage can lead to ineffective treatment or adverse effects.
The dosage of a dewormer often depends on several factors. These include the puppy’s age, weight, and overall health status. Puppies typically require specific formulations designed for their growth stage, as their bodies may react differently compared to adult dogs. Furthermore, accurate dosing helps in effective parasite control and decreases the likelihood of resistance developing against the medication. Therefore, understanding how to administer the correct dosage is a fundamental aspect of deworming protocols.
Determining the Correct Dosage
Before administering any oral dewormer, it is essential to calculate the right dosage. Most dewormers recommend a dosage based on the puppy's weight. The following steps could assist in determining the correct dosage:
- Weigh the Puppy: It is crucial to know the precise weight of the puppy to calculate the accurate dosage. Use a scale that can weigh small animals.
- Read the Label: Medications come with dosing guidelines. Review the product label or consult the information leaflet. Each medication has its specified dosage based on body weight.
- Consult with a Veterinarian: For any uncertainty about the dosage, it is advisable to seek professional advice. Veterinarians can provide tailored recommendations based on the puppy's health history and specific needs.
Calculating the correct dosage prevents underdosing or overdosing. Underdosing may fail to eliminate the parasites, while overdosing can lead to toxicity or side effects.
Methods of Administration
Administering oral dewormers can be done in various ways, depending on the product type and the puppy’s behavior. Here are common methods to facilitate the administration:
- Directly in the Mouth: This method involves holding the puppy's head gently and placing the tablet or suspension towards the back of the throat. Remain calm to avoid causing stress to the puppy.
- With Food: Many dewormers can be mixed with food. This can encourage the puppy to consume the medication without realizing it is taking dewormer.
- In Treats: Concealing the medication in a soft treat can be an effective way to administer the dosage without resistance from the puppy. Ensure the treat is small and palatable, so the puppy swallows it without chewing it out.
- Liquid Form: If the dewormer is in liquid form, using a dropper can facilitate easier administration. Place the dropper in the side of the mouth, aiming for the back, allowing the puppy to swallow naturally.
Always observe the puppy after administration to ensure they swallow the medication completely.
Combining knowledge of dosage and the method of administration will enhance the effectiveness of dewormers. Following these steps aids in making the process smoother and ensures the puppy's safety during treatment.
Potential Side Effects
Considering the administration of oral dewormers, understanding potential side effects is crucial for any puppy owner. While these medications often resolve infestations, they may not be without adverse effects. Identifying these risks makes it easier to provide timely care and reassurance. Such knowledge directly ties into the overall well-being of the puppy. Understanding side effects contributes to responsible pet ownership.
Common Side Effects
It is important to be aware of common side effects that may arise when giving oral dewormers to puppies. Some common reactions include:
- Vomiting: Puppies may vomit due to the introduction of the medication. This can be a sign that the body is reacting.
- Diarrhea: Loose stools can occur as the intestines respond to the dewormer.
- Loss of Appetite: Some puppies may show decreased interest in food shortly after receiving treatment.
- Lethargy: It is not unusual for a puppy to feel tired or less active as they adjust.
Most of these side effects are temporary and should resolve on their own. However, monitoring the puppy after deworming is essential.
When to Seek Veterinary Attention
Recognizing when a puppy requires veterinary attention after administration of a dewormer is key. If any of the following signs are observed, it is wise to consult a veterinarian promptly:
Severe vomiting or persistent diarrhea could indicate an intolerance or reaction to the medication.
- Unusual Behavior: If the puppy appears significantly more lethargic than normal or shows signs of distress.
- Blood in Stool: This could suggest a severe reaction.
- Persistent Loss of Appetite: If refusal to eat lasts more than 24 hours, it merits attention.
- Allergic Reactions: Signs of swelling, hives, or difficulty breathing are emergencies.
Being aware of these signs can prevent unnecessary suffering and ensure prompt treatment, should complications arise. A proactive approach not only promotes the puppy's health but also fosters a trusting relationship between the owner and veterinarian.
Deworming Protocols for Puppies
Deworming protocols are essential for the health of puppies. These guidelines ensure that young dogs receive the proper treatment to manage and prevent worm infestations. A systematic and well-timed deworming schedule helps in reducing the incidence of worms, promoting better health and growth in puppies. Understanding these protocols offers benefits that extend far beyond mere deworming; they play a critical role in the overall wellness and longevity of the canine.
Initial Deworming Schedule
The initial deworming of a puppy is crucial to set a strong foundation for their health. Generally, it is recommended to start deworming puppies at around two weeks of age. This early approach is vital because many worms can be transmitted from the mother during pregnancy or through her milk. Typically, the first dose of an appropriate oral dewormer is administered at this age.
After the initial dose, the schedule typically follows a repeated treatment every two weeks until the puppy reaches about three months of age. This cycle can help to eliminate any developing worms before they become mature enough to reproduce. Monitoring stools during this period is advised as it can help in spotting any signs of infestations early.
Maintenance and Follow-Up
Once the initial deworming phase is completed, a maintenance protocol is important. This usually involves deworming puppies every three to six months depending on their risk factors. Puppies often play in environments where they can easily come into contact with worm eggs, so regular check-ups with a veterinarian are beneficial.
It is also crucial to maintain good hygiene practices. Keeping areas where puppies play clean and regularly picking up feces can significantly reduce the chances of re-infestation. Additionally, after the first year, some veterinarians may suggest shifting to a more tailored approach based on the dog's lifestyle and exposure to parasites.
Finally, following up with fecal tests can provide vital insights into the effectiveness of the deworming protocol. This ensures that the puppy remains healthy and that any new infestations are caught early, allowing for timely treatment.
Keeping a consistent deworming schedule can prevent many health issues in puppies, leading to a longer, healthier life.
Engaging thoroughly with a veterinarian about these protocols can help adjust them to suit individual needs of puppies, ensuring every dog has the best possible chance for a healthy start.


Recognizing Worm Infestations
Recognizing worm infestations in puppies is crucial for ensuring their health and well-being. Puppies are particularly vulnerable to internal parasites. These parasites can lead to serious health issues if left untreated. Early detection allows for timely intervention, which often improves outcomes. It is essential for puppy owners to be familiar with the signs of infestations and the tools available for testing and diagnosis.
Signs of Infestation
Puppies may exhibit several signs that indicate a worm infestation. Common symptoms include:
- Vomiting: Frequent vomiting can indicate the presence of worms.
- Diarrhea: Diarrhea, especially if it contains blood or mucus, is a red flag.
- Weight Loss: Despite having a good appetite, significant weight loss can signal worms.
- Bloating: A distended abdomen may be observed in infected puppies.
- Lethargy: A decrease in energy levels is a common symptom.
- Poor Coat Condition: A dull or unkempt fur coat can indicate health issues including parasites.
- Presence of Worms in Stool: Visible worms or segments in the dog’s feces is a clear sign.
Monitoring for these symptoms is important. It allows pet owners to act quickly. If any of these signs are noted, it is best to consult a veterinarian for further evaluation.
Testing and Diagnosis
Testing for worm infestations is typically done by a veterinarian. There are several methods available. The most common include:
- Fecal Examination: A vet examines a stool sample under a microscope to identify eggs or worms.
- Deworming Trials: Sometimes, a vet may prescribe dewormers without specific diagnosis to see if symptoms improve.
- Blood Tests: These can be used to detect specific types of worms that affect the blood.
Timely testing is essential. It helps confirm the presence of worms and determines the appropriate treatment. Many parasites can cause similar symptoms, so accurate diagnosis is vital.
Proper recognition of signs and timely testing can save a puppy's life. Don't ignore the symptoms.
Impact of Worms on Puppy Health
Worm infestations in puppies are a significant concern for pet owners. Understanding their impact on health is crucial for making informed decisions about deworming. Worms can affect digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall health. This section delves into the short-term effects and long-term consequences of these parasites, highlighting the importance of preventative measures.
Short-Term Effects
When a puppy is infested with worms, the initial symptoms can be quite alarming. Common short-term effects include:
- Vomiting: Puppies may experience vomiting as the body attempts to eliminate the parasites.
- Diarrhea: This can often be watery and may contain blood or mucus.
- Weight Loss: Despite having a good appetite, puppies may lose weight due to the competition for nutrients.
- Abdominal Pain: This discomfort can lead to whining or a lack of energy.
These symptoms can manifest rapidly and require immediate attention. Infections like these may lead to dehydration, which can be serious for young dogs. Recognizing these signs is essential for timely intervention and can greatly affect a puppy's recovery.
Long-Term Consequences
If left untreated, worm infestations can lead to severe long-term problems. Some of these include:
- Stunted Growth: Continuous nutrient deprivation from worms can impede a puppy's growth and development.
- Anemia: Blood-feeding worms, such as hookworms, can lead to significant blood loss, resulting in anemia, which can cause lethargy and reduced immunity.
- Poor Immune Function: Chronic infections can weaken the immune system, making puppies more susceptible to other diseases.
- Behavioral Changes: The stress and pain caused by ongoing infestations may lead to behavioral issues, including anxiety and aggression.
Understanding these long-term consequences is essential for maintaining the health of your puppy. Failure to address worm infestations can lead to irreparable damage to health and development.
In summary, worms pose both immediate and lasting threats to a puppy's health. Recognizing and managing infestations promptly can prevent serious complications and contribute to the well-being of young dogs.
Preventive Measures
Understanding the preventive measures in puppy care is essential to ensuring their overall health. Deworming is a critical part of this process. If not managed properly, worms can lead to serious health issues. Prevention is often less costly and easier than dealing with an infestation later. By implementing effective preventive strategies, owners can reduce the risk of worm infestations, leading to healthier puppies.
Maintaining Puppy Hygiene
Maintaining proper hygiene is a fundamental step in preventing worms in puppies. Clean living conditions help limit exposure to parasites. Here are some important practices:
- Regular Cleaning: Keep the living area clean. Regularly clean bedding, toys, and food bowls. Use disinfectants that are pet-friendly.
- Proper Waste Disposal: Quickly remove feces from yard or home. Worm eggs can remain in the soil for a long time and reinfect pets.
- Bathing: Bathe your puppy routinely. This not only keeps them clean but also allows you to check for any unusual signs such as skin irritation or parasites.
By paying attention to these practices, pet owners can help ensure a low-risk environment for their puppies. This strengthens efforts against infestations.
Regular Veterinary Check-Ups
Regular veterinary check-ups deliver essential health monitoring and preventive care for puppies. These visits are more than routine; they provide crucial insights into the overall health of your pet. Key reasons for regular check-ups include:
- Early Detection: Routine exams can identify potential health problems before they become serious. Your vet can check for signs of worms even before any symptoms appear.
- Deworming Schedule: Vets can recommend a tailored deworming schedule based on your puppy’s age and lifestyle, ensuring timely administration.
- Vaccinations and Health Advice: Know when your puppy is due for vaccinations and receive advice on proper nutrition and care. Overall, these visits are vital for promoting longevity and quality of life.
Incorporating these preventive measures into your routine can greatly improve your puppy's health and well-being. Remember, being proactive is the key to a healthy and happy puppy.
"Prevention is more effective than treatment. Regular care leads to a healthier life for your puppy."
Implementing a routine for hygiene and regular veterinary visits creates a strong foundation for your puppy's health.
Finale
In the realm of puppy health, the conclusion of this article serves as a vital point of reflection. Understanding how oral dewormers function and their significance in preventing and addressing worm infestations is essential for puppy owners. By recognizing the importance of regular deworming, responsible pet owners can help ensure their puppies live a healthy and happy life.
The need to adhere to a structured deworming schedule cannot be overstated. Not only does timely administration of dewormers reduce the likelihood of severe health issues, but it also promotes overall well-being. This continuous cycle of vigilance benefits both the puppy and the owner, cultivating a nurturing environment.
When considering the factors outlined in this article, such as the types of worms, the specific dewormers available, their potential side effects, and the necessary follow-up care, the path to healthy puppies becomes clearer. Comprehensive understanding fosters informed decisions, and benefits ripple through the relationship between the pet and the owner.
Summary of Key Takeaways
- Regular deworming is necessary for puppy health, acting as a preventative measure against potential infestations.
- Variety of worms can affect puppies, each requiring tailored treatment approaches.
- Consultation with a veterinarian is critical for selecting the right dewormer and ensuring correct dosage, minimizing risks of side effects.
- Keeping puppies’ environment clean and scheduling veterinary visits are crucial preventive measures.
Final Thoughts on Puppy Health
Puppy health extends beyond mere feeding and vaccination. It encompasses a holistic approach, integrating proper hygiene, regular veterinary oversight, and proactive measures against parasites. Oral dewormers play a significant role in this equation, safeguarding young dogs from the detrimental effects of worms.
As caregivers, prioritizing these practices fosters a healthy foundation for growing puppies. Understanding deworming as part of a larger paradigm in pet care can make a profound difference in the quality of life for both the puppy and its owner.